The second year tests showed that the improved system performed very well. The first year test results indicated a need to control the sensitivity of the seed detector sensors used for seed detection. Field tests were conducted to check the performance of this planter over two growing seasons. The second computer monitored the first computer and reported the planter's performance through the display unit mounted in the tractor cab. This computer also monitored the seed detector sensors, time-tagged the seeds from each unit, and stored the information in memory. The first computer obtained the GPS time and UTM coordinates every second and stored them with a reference time (time tag). The second computer was interfaced to a display unit mounted in the cab. The first computer was interfaced to the RTK GPS unit to determine seed location and forward speed. Two low-cost single-board computers were used to acquire data in real time and display it in the tractor cab. These sensors detected the seeds as they fell through seed tubes. Four seed detector sensors (one per planting unit) were mounted directly above the planter shoes. A four-row Salvo 650 vacuum planter was retrofitted with an RTK GPS receiver. High-accuracy seed mapping can potentially be used in weed control and plant-specific crop management. The potential use of a real-time kinematics (RTK) GPS receiver for seed mapping with a high level of accuracy was investigated. We also identify the occurrence of buoyant plume and secondary overspill events due to cross stream flow within the channel which would produce complex deposits associated with overspill events.
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Superelevation of the current increases with channel curvature and decreasing channel width but is underestimated using traditional estimates of superelevation due to the lack of the free surface in these flows. The amount of mass overspilled is a function of channel curvature. In all sinuous channel simulations, the underflow of the current becomes superelevated when it encounters bends and is able to overwhelm channel walls. We show that the main avulsion mechanism can include significant portions of the insulated underflow layer from the channel leading to a dangerously hot overspilled current. Channels help inhibit ambient air entrainment into the underflow and can maintain and deliver material with minimal cooling during transport. Our simulation geometries span the range of natural channels commonly found in stratovolcanic landforms. We present three‐dimensional multiphase models of channelized PDCs and link the generation of overspill currents to channel geometry (width, depth, and curvature). Understanding the flow transition initiated by avulsion or overspill from valley confined PDC to unconfined PDC is necessary to mitigate their damage. Small‐volume events are particularly sensitive to topography and channelization into drainage basins.
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From field survey data and manual calculation, it is observed that manual calculation of distance and area is more accurate than that of Google Earth Pro measurements.ĭue to their mobility, high velocities, and common occurrence, small‐volume pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) represent a major hazard around volcanoes.
Therefore, this research aims to investigate the accuracy in distance and area of selected location using Google Earth Pro (GIS application software). But accuracy of GIS is need to be determined for getting the precise measurements. On the other hand, recent development in Global Information System (GIS) made this task easy to perform by remote sensing and using Global Positioning System (GPS) application based software. require time and financial help to accomplish the task. Manual surveying using chains, taps, level machines etc. Certain time Civil engineers requires preliminary survey data regarding the distance between two points or area of particular place quickly for deciding the possible alternate routes and knowing the area of particular location accurately. But among all, the most important factor is time required to accomplish the particular task. Measuring the long distance and larger area is always remained tedious job for surveyor due to various factors like it consumes more time, bad weather, error in instruments being used etc.
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